« The common properties of human and animal languages are to be "intentional," "syntactic" and "enunciative." Language is intentional because "there is almost always a definite intention in human discourse to pass something to someone else, to change their conduct, thoughts or general attitude to a situation." Human language is "syntactic" because every speech is an act of speech with an internal organization, structure and coherence. It is "enunciative" because it transmits information. `...` All this may be true but establishes very little, since when we place ourselves at the level of abstraction where human language and animal communication meet, almost all other behaviors can also be found there. Consider walking: walking is clearly intentional behaviour, in the most general sense of "intentional." The march is also "syntactic" in the sense defined above, as Karl Lashley actually pointed out a long time ago, in his important discussion of the serial order in behavior `...`. In addition, it can most certainly provide information, I can for example signal my interest in reaching a certain point by the speed at which I walk. `...` Moreover, it is wrong to think that the use of human language is characterized by the willingness or the act of providing information. Human language can be used to inform or deceive, to clarify one's own thoughts, to prove one's skill or simply to play. »
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Noam Chomsky
Language and Thought |
Noam Chomsky
Language and Thought
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« Chomsky keeps warning us that humanity has reached the most perilous stage in its history. Deep inequalities and immense poverty, climate change and the ongoing risk of nuclear war have, for the first time, made the complete self-destruction of humanity a very real possibility. If we want to avoid the fall, we need to identify the problems we face today and find a solution to them. (Lux, Introduction, p.8) »
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Noam Chomsky
Struggle or fall! |
Noam Chomsky
Struggle or fall!
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« "To be somewhat civilized, we would have to say: -We have committed heinous crimes and we have taken advantage of them. Much of France's wealth comes from the crimes it committed against Haiti and the United States has also become richer. So we're going to pay reparations to the Haitian people. -Then we will see the beginnings of civilization." »
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Noam Chomsky
The Doctrine of Good Intentions |
Noam Chomsky
The Doctrine of Good Intentions
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